Treponema Pallidum Buds, Granules, and Cysts as found in Human
Syphilitic Chancres and seen in Fixed unstained smears observed
under dark ground illumination
Coutts, W.,E., and Coutts, W.R.
American Journal of Syphilis, Gonorrhea and Venereal Dis
37: 29-36, 1953
     This Landmark Article from Drs Coutts in 1952 describes Cystic
forms of Treponema pallidum, with Buds and Granular forms in serum taken
from Syphilitic Chancres. The authors survey the previous literature dating back to
Schaudinn and Hoffman, and cite the views of many other distinguished
syphilologists endorsed the view that Pathogenic spirochetes have a complex
life cycle which includes vegetative ( spiral) and diverse cystic and granular forms.

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